{"cited_by_count":119047,"description":"This cluster of papers focuses on the effects of laser radiation on ocular health, including retinal damage, macular injury, thermal damage thresholds, and the hazards associated with laser pointers. It also discusses guidelines for exposure limits, choroidal neovascularization, and the impact of infrared and visible radiation on the eyes.","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","domain_id":"4","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T13869","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safety"},"field_id":"27","id":"T13869","keywords":[{"display_name":"laser safety","id":"laser-safety","score":0.4361,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-safety"},{"display_name":"retinal damage","id":"retinal-damage","score":0.2248,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-damage"},{"display_name":"eye protection","id":"eye-protection","score":0.2015,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-protection"},{"display_name":"laser hazards","id":"laser-hazards","score":0.8278,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-hazards"},{"display_name":"laser-induced retinal injury","id":"laser-induced-retinal-damage","score":0.6858,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-induced-retinal-damage"},{"display_name":"laser eye injury","id":"laser-eye-injury","score":0.8572,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-eye-injury"},{"display_name":"laser safety standards","id":"laser-safety-standards","score":0.8966,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-safety-standards"},{"display_name":"light-induced retinal damage","id":"light-induced-retinal-injury","score":0.2818,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-induced-retinal-injury"},{"display_name":"eye damage","id":"ocular-damage","score":0.2586,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-damage"},{"display_name":"solar retinopathy","id":"solar-retinopathy","score":0.907,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-retinopathy"},{"display_name":"maximum permissible exposure","id":"maximum-permissible-exposure","score":0.524,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-permissible-exposure"},{"display_name":"photokeratitis","id":"photokeratitis","score":0.568,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photokeratitis"},{"display_name":"eye injury prevention","id":"eye-injury-prevention","score":0.2212,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-injury-prevention"},{"display_name":"retinal phototoxicity","id":"retinal-phototoxicity","score":0.591,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-phototoxicity"},{"display_name":"ophthalmic lasers","id":"ophthalmic-lasers","score":0.4857,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmic-lasers"},{"display_name":"laser classification","id":"laser-classification","score":0.4586,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-classification"},{"display_name":"blue light hazard","id":"blue-light-hazard","score":0.5403,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-light-hazard"},{"display_name":"ANSI Z136.1","id":"ansi-z136-1","score":0.9175,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ansi-z136-1"},{"display_name":"photobiological safety","id":"photobiological-safety","score":0.5979,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photobiological-safety"},{"display_name":"laser safety officer","id":"laser-safety-officer","score":0.8675,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-safety-officer"},{"display_name":"laser eye protection","id":"laser-eye-protection","score":0.5903,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-eye-protection"},{"display_name":"laser radiation exposure","id":"laser-radiation-exposure","score":0.7127,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-radiation-exposure"},{"display_name":"laser hazard classification","id":"laser-hazard-classification","score":0.9519,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-hazard-classification"},{"display_name":"laser pointer injury","id":"laser-pointer-injury","score":0.8874,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-pointer-injury"},{"display_name":"ocular radiation injury","id":"ocular-radiation-injury","score":0.3621,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-radiation-injury"}],"legacy_keywords":["Laser Eye Injuries","Retinal Damage","Ocular Radiation Exposure","ICNIRP Guidelines","Macular Injury","Thermal Damage Thresholds","Laser Pointer Hazards","Choroidal Neovascularization","Infrared and Visible Radiation","Photothermal Damage"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:20","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"2731","url":"/topics/T13869","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T13869","works_count":19505,"label":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","provider":"openalex","revision":"ad9a77ae7ecadf7c","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"38360587390085486","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[4,27,2731,13869],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}