{"cited_by_count":34347,"description":"This cluster of papers explores the dynamics of networking, human resource management, and cultural influences in the Middle East and Asia, with a focus on the concepts of Guanxi in China and Wasta in Arab countries. It delves into topics such as gender-segregated education, localization policies, the impact of regulations on HRM, challenges and achievements in education, and the role of informal social networks in shaping business practices.","display_name":"Socioeconomic Development in MENA","domain_id":"2","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T13560","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanxi"},"field_id":"33","id":"T13560","keywords":[{"display_name":"Middle East economy","id":"middle-east-economy","score":0.2315,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-east-economy"},{"display_name":"Saudization","id":"saudization","score":0.4397,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudization"},{"display_name":"Emirati women","id":"emirati-women","score":0.205,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emirati-women"},{"display_name":"Emiratization","id":"emiratization","score":0.4524,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emiratization"},{"display_name":"expatriate labor","id":"expatriate-labor","score":0.3214,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expatriate-labor"}],"legacy_keywords":["Guanxi","Wasta","Emiratisation","Saudization","Human Resource Management","Gender Segregation","Localization","Social Networks","Education","Cultural Identity"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T13560","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:19","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"3312","url":"/topics/T13560","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T13560","works_count":11503,"label":"Socioeconomic Development in MENA","provider":"openalex","revision":"3f6d64864f2e869c","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Socioeconomic Development in MENA","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"38364163154411538","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[2,33,3312,13560],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}