{"cited_by_count":70443,"description":"This cluster of papers explores the philosophical and theological problem of evil, including discussions on theodicy, divine hiddenness, skeptical theism, original sin, free will defense, divine providence, moral skepticism, evidential arguments, and human suffering.","display_name":"Theology and Philosophy of Evil","domain_id":"2","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T13144","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil"},"field_id":"12","id":"T13144","keywords":[{"display_name":"problem of evil","id":"problem-of-evil","score":0.6347,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-of-evil"},{"display_name":"theodicy","id":"theodicy","score":0.5031,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theodicy"},{"display_name":"evil","id":"evil","score":0.2487,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evil"},{"display_name":"divine foreknowledge","id":"divine-foreknowledge","score":0.3638,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-foreknowledge"},{"display_name":"divine goodness","id":"divine-goodness","score":0.3865,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-goodness"},{"display_name":"moral evil","id":"moral-evil","score":0.4945,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-evil"},{"display_name":"philosophy of evil","id":"philosophy-of-evil","score":0.4906,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-evil"},{"display_name":"divine omniscience","id":"divine-omniscience","score":0.4263,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-omniscience"},{"display_name":"natural evil","id":"natural-evil","score":0.7721,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-evil"},{"display_name":"theology of suffering","id":"theology-of-suffering","score":0.4371,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theology-of-suffering"},{"display_name":"origin of evil","id":"origin-of-evil","score":0.3582,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-evil"},{"display_name":"divine omnipotence","id":"divine-omnipotence","score":0.3044,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-omnipotence"},{"display_name":"existence of evil","id":"existence-of-evil","score":0.7675,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/existence-of-evil"},{"display_name":"free will defense","id":"free-will-defense","score":0.8323,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-will-defense"},{"display_name":"Alvin Plantinga","id":"alvin-plantinga","score":0.2178,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alvin-plantinga"},{"display_name":"divine hiddenness","id":"divine-hiddenness","score":0.2007,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-hiddenness"},{"display_name":"concept of evil","id":"concept-of-evil","score":0.3426,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-of-evil"},{"display_name":"omnipotence","id":"omnipotence","score":0.2019,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omnipotence"},{"display_name":"theology of evil","id":"theology-of-evil","score":0.5266,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theology-of-evil"},{"display_name":"divine foreknowledge and free will","id":"free-will-and-divine-foreknowledge","score":0.5634,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-will-and-divine-foreknowledge"},{"display_name":"Molinism","id":"molinism","score":0.4907,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molinism"},{"display_name":"open theism","id":"open-theism","score":0.6972,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-theism"},{"display_name":"best of all possible worlds","id":"best-of-all-possible-worlds","score":0.2828,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-of-all-possible-worlds"},{"display_name":"argument from evil","id":"argument-from-evil","score":0.6806,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument-from-evil"},{"display_name":"metaphysics of evil","id":"metaphysics-of-evil","score":0.5947,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphysics-of-evil"}],"legacy_keywords":["Problem of Evil","Theodicy","Divine Hiddenness","Skeptical Theism","Original Sin","Free Will Defense","Divine Providence","Moral Skepticism","Evidential Arguments","Human Suffering"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T13144","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:17","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"1211","url":"/topics/T13144","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T13144","works_count":28720,"label":"Theology and Philosophy of Evil","provider":"openalex","revision":"8effc88b6dd8903b","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Theology and Philosophy of Evil","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"38285580207710804","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[2,12,1211,13144],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}