{"cited_by_count":120725,"description":"This cluster of papers explores the ethical considerations surrounding just war theory, self-defense, proportionality in warfare, terrorism, preventive war, and the moral responsibilities of combatants. It delves into topics such as the morality of killing in war, the principles of self-defense, and the ethical implications of humanitarian intervention.","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","domain_id":"2","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T12957","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war_theory"},"field_id":"12","id":"T12957","keywords":[{"display_name":"just war theory","id":"just-war-theory","score":0.5561,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-war-theory"},{"display_name":"ethics of war","id":"ethics-of-war","score":0.5856,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics-of-war"},{"display_name":"military ethics","id":"military-ethics","score":0.287,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-ethics"},{"display_name":"jus ad bellum","id":"jus-ad-bellum","score":0.3163,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jus-ad-bellum"},{"display_name":"philosophy of war","id":"philosophy-of-war","score":0.376,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-war"},{"display_name":"justification of war","id":"justification-of-war","score":0.4166,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/justification-of-war"},{"display_name":"morality of war","id":"morality-of-war","score":0.6932,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morality-of-war"},{"display_name":"moral justification of war","id":"moral-justification-of-war","score":0.7198,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-justification-of-war"},{"display_name":"Michael Walzer","id":"michael-walzer","score":0.2372,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michael-walzer"},{"display_name":"Christian pacifism","id":"christian-pacifism","score":0.2364,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-pacifism"},{"display_name":"legitimacy of war","id":"legitimacy-of-war","score":0.384,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legitimacy-of-war"},{"display_name":"just cause","id":"just-cause","score":0.334,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-cause"},{"display_name":"jus post bellum","id":"jus-post-bellum","score":0.5932,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jus-post-bellum"},{"display_name":"just war tradition","id":"just-war-tradition","score":0.7639,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-war-tradition"},{"display_name":"just peace","id":"just-peace","score":0.3043,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-peace"},{"display_name":"political philosophy of war","id":"political-philosophy-of-war","score":0.5803,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-philosophy-of-war"},{"display_name":"peace ethics","id":"peace-ethics","score":0.3534,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peace-ethics"},{"display_name":"preventive war","id":"preventive-war","score":0.2406,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preventive-war"},{"display_name":"nature of war","id":"nature-of-war","score":0.2219,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-of-war"},{"display_name":"theology of war","id":"theology-of-war","score":0.3939,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theology-of-war"},{"display_name":"non-combatant immunity","id":"non-combatant-immunity","score":0.6209,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-combatant-immunity"},{"display_name":"killing in war","id":"killing-in-war","score":0.5921,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/killing-in-war"},{"display_name":"unjust war","id":"unjust-war","score":0.6942,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unjust-war"},{"display_name":"preemptive war","id":"preemptive-war","score":0.2162,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preemptive-war"},{"display_name":"last resort","id":"last-resort","score":0.2558,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/last-resort"}],"legacy_keywords":["Just War Theory","Ethics","Self-Defense","Proportionality","Terrorism","Morality","Responsibility","Preventive War","Combatants","Humanitarian Intervention"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:16","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"1211","url":"/topics/T12957","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T12957","works_count":34776,"label":"War, Ethics, and Justification","provider":"openalex","revision":"b7b6b6fa0a269166","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"War, Ethics, and Justification","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"38285547861240412","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[2,12,1211,12957],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}