{"cited_by_count":737822,"description":"This cluster of papers covers a wide range of topics related to criminal justice, including penal systems, social control, insecurity, delinquency, prison systems, crime prevention, victimology, restorative justice, and the impact of globalization on these issues.","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","domain_id":"2","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T12736","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},"field_id":"33","id":"T12736","keywords":[{"display_name":"criminal justice","id":"criminal-justice","score":0.2218,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice"},{"display_name":"prisons","id":"prisons","score":0.305,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisons"},{"display_name":"restorative justice","id":"restorative-justice","score":0.3943,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restorative-justice"},{"display_name":"criminal policy","id":"criminal-policy","score":0.3223,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-policy"},{"display_name":"criminology","id":"criminology","score":0.3014,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology"},{"display_name":"penitentiary system","id":"prison-system","score":0.532,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-system"},{"display_name":"criminal justice reform","id":"criminal-justice-reform","score":0.2822,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-reform"},{"display_name":"prison administration","id":"prison-management","score":0.4411,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-management"},{"display_name":"prison reform","id":"prison-reform","score":0.4842,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-reform"},{"display_name":"criminal justice system","id":"criminal-justice-system","score":0.2263,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-system"},{"display_name":"offender rehabilitation","id":"offender-rehabilitation","score":0.2906,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-rehabilitation"},{"display_name":"crime victims","id":"crime-victims","score":0.4932,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-victims"},{"display_name":"prison conditions","id":"prison-conditions","score":0.3595,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-conditions"},{"display_name":"prisoners' rights","id":"prisoners-rights","score":0.2291,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoners-rights"},{"display_name":"prison education","id":"prison-education","score":0.2305,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-education"},{"display_name":"penal system","id":"penal-system","score":0.5226,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penal-system"},{"display_name":"victimology","id":"victimology","score":0.4393,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victimology"},{"display_name":"penal reform","id":"penal-reform","score":0.4824,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penal-reform"},{"display_name":"victim-offender mediation","id":"victim-offender-mediation","score":0.64,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-offender-mediation"},{"display_name":"criminal justice policy","id":"criminal-justice-policy","score":0.3283,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-policy"},{"display_name":"prison overcrowding","id":"prison-overcrowding","score":0.3745,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-overcrowding"},{"display_name":"prisoner reentry","id":"prisoner-reentry","score":0.2532,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoner-reentry"},{"display_name":"probation","id":"probation","score":0.2842,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probation"},{"display_name":"alternatives to imprisonment","id":"alternatives-to-imprisonment","score":0.374,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternatives-to-imprisonment"},{"display_name":"prisoner rehabilitation","id":"prisoner-rehabilitation","score":0.3976,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoner-rehabilitation"}],"legacy_keywords":["Criminal Justice","Penal System","Social Control","Insecurity","Delinquency","Prison System","Crime Prevention","Victimology","Restorative Justice","Globalization"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:15","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"3308","url":"/topics/T12736","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T12736","works_count":298151,"label":"Criminal Justice and Penology","provider":"openalex","revision":"5dd08e9b6c112255","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Criminal Justice and Penology","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"38355401411937298","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[2,33,3308,12736],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}