{"cited_by_count":723241,"description":"This cluster of papers focuses on improving the reporting and conduct of animal research studies, with an emphasis on the use of ARRIVE guidelines, cytotoxicity assays, ethical considerations, systematic reviews, in vitro testing methods, and addressing publication bias. It also discusses the challenges in translating findings from animal studies to human applications and the determination of sample sizes for preclinical studies.","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","domain_id":"4","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T12281","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},"field_id":"34","id":"T12281","keywords":[{"display_name":"animal experimentation","id":"animal-experimentation","score":0.3444,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-experimentation"},{"display_name":"alternatives to animal testing","id":"alternatives-to-animal-testing","score":0.5133,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternatives-to-animal-testing"},{"display_name":"animal research ethics","id":"animal-research-ethics","score":0.6226,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-research-ethics"},{"display_name":"laboratory animals","id":"laboratory-animals","score":0.2153,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-animals"},{"display_name":"3Rs","id":"3rs","score":0.3455,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3rs"},{"display_name":"animal research regulation","id":"animal-research-regulation","score":0.7368,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-research-regulation"},{"display_name":"in vitro toxicity testing","id":"in-vitro-toxicity-testing","score":0.2779,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-toxicity-testing"},{"display_name":"animal use reduction","id":"reduction-of-animal-use","score":0.5109,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction-of-animal-use"},{"display_name":"laboratory animal welfare","id":"laboratory-animal-welfare","score":0.428,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-animal-welfare"},{"display_name":"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee","id":"institutional-animal-care-and-use-committee","score":0.7419,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-animal-care-and-use-committee"},{"display_name":"vivisection","id":"vivisection","score":0.3284,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vivisection"},{"display_name":"regulatory toxicology","id":"regulatory-toxicology","score":0.271,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-toxicology"},{"display_name":"laboratory animal care","id":"laboratory-animal-care","score":0.5616,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-animal-care"},{"display_name":"laboratory animal science","id":"laboratory-animal-science","score":0.601,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-animal-science"},{"display_name":"new approach methodologies","id":"new-approach-methodologies","score":0.3367,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-approach-methodologies"},{"display_name":"alternative methods","id":"alternative-approaches","score":0.2261,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-approaches"},{"display_name":"animal testing reduction","id":"reduction-of-animal-testing","score":0.4008,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction-of-animal-testing"},{"display_name":"alternative test methods","id":"alternative-test-methods","score":0.3575,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-test-methods"},{"display_name":"alternative toxicity testing","id":"alternative-toxicity-testing","score":0.4255,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-toxicity-testing"},{"display_name":"laboratory animal facilities","id":"laboratory-animal-facilities","score":0.3585,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-animal-facilities"},{"display_name":"safety pharmacology","id":"safety-pharmacology","score":0.2841,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-pharmacology"},{"display_name":"regulatory acceptance","id":"regulatory-acceptance","score":0.2352,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-acceptance"},{"display_name":"in vitro methods","id":"in-vitro-methods","score":0.3472,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-methods"},{"display_name":"laboratory animal management","id":"laboratory-animal-management","score":0.5503,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-animal-management"},{"display_name":"Animal Welfare Act","id":"animal-welfare-act","score":0.398,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-welfare-act"}],"legacy_keywords":["ARRIVE Guidelines","Animal Research Reporting","Cytotoxicity Assays","Preclinical Studies","Translation to Humans","Ethical Considerations","Systematic Reviews","In Vitro Testing","Publication Bias","Sample Size Determination"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:13","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"3404","url":"/topics/T12281","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T12281","works_count":52265,"label":"Animal testing and alternatives","provider":"openalex","revision":"6fdef2a05b096bdd","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Animal testing and alternatives","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"36253701046322472","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[4,34,3404,12281],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}