{"cited_by_count":362260,"description":"This cluster of papers explores the challenges and complexities of urban poverty, slum upgrading, housing policy, informal settlements, and sustainable development in developing countries. It delves into issues such as land tenure, community participation, health equity, and poverty alleviation within the context of rapid urbanization and its impact on marginalized populations.","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","domain_id":"2","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T12147","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_poverty"},"field_id":"33","id":"T12147","keywords":[{"display_name":"informal settlements","id":"informal-settlements","score":0.3749,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-settlements"},{"display_name":"urban poverty","id":"urban-poverty","score":0.2041,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-poverty"},{"display_name":"slums","id":"slums","score":0.4293,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slums"},{"display_name":"low-income housing","id":"low-income-housing","score":0.2542,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-housing"},{"display_name":"slum upgrading","id":"slum-upgrading","score":0.7712,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-upgrading"},{"display_name":"urban slums","id":"urban-slums","score":0.203,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-slums"},{"display_name":"urban informality","id":"urban-informality","score":0.4181,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-informality"},{"display_name":"urban poor","id":"urban-poor","score":0.2251,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-poor"},{"display_name":"informal housing","id":"informal-housing","score":0.4927,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-housing"},{"display_name":"African cities","id":"african-cities","score":0.2257,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-cities"},{"display_name":"slum dwellers","id":"slum-dwellers","score":0.4003,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-dwellers"},{"display_name":"land regularization","id":"land-tenure-regularization","score":0.3118,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-tenure-regularization"},{"display_name":"slum clearance","id":"slum-clearance","score":0.4047,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-clearance"},{"display_name":"housing programs","id":"housing-programs","score":0.228,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing-programs"},{"display_name":"self-help housing","id":"self-help-housing","score":0.5769,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-help-housing"},{"display_name":"slum settlements","id":"slum-settlements","score":0.6186,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-settlements"},{"display_name":"slum housing","id":"slum-housing","score":0.5317,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-housing"},{"display_name":"urban housing policy","id":"urban-housing-policy","score":0.2472,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-housing-policy"},{"display_name":"substandard housing","id":"substandard-housing","score":0.2974,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substandard-housing"},{"display_name":"self-built housing","id":"self-built-housing","score":0.2146,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-built-housing"},{"display_name":"urban informal settlements","id":"urban-informal-settlements","score":0.2634,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-informal-settlements"},{"display_name":"housing delivery","id":"housing-delivery","score":0.3605,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing-delivery"},{"display_name":"slum rehabilitation","id":"slum-rehabilitation","score":0.725,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-rehabilitation"},{"display_name":"urban upgrading","id":"urban-upgrading","score":0.4845,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-upgrading"},{"display_name":"slum areas","id":"slum-areas","score":0.3198,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slum-areas"}],"legacy_keywords":["Urban Poverty","Slum Upgrading","Housing Policy","Informal Settlements","Urbanization","Land Tenure","Sustainable Development","Community Participation","Health Equity","Poverty Alleviation"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:13","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"3322","url":"/topics/T12147","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T12147","works_count":99071,"label":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","provider":"openalex","revision":"7945046a1e09e2fe","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"36253682797134042","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[2,33,3322,12147],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}