{"cited_by_count":510400,"description":"This cluster of papers focuses on the science and technology of capacitive deionization for water desalination. It covers topics such as ion exchange membranes, electrodialysis, energy recovery, carbon electrodes, salinity gradient power, and reverse electrodialysis. The research explores the past, present, and future developments in capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water.","display_name":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","domain_id":"3","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T12074","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization"},"field_id":"22","id":"T12074","keywords":[{"display_name":"electrodialysis","id":"electrodialysis","score":0.5861,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrodialysis"},{"display_name":"ion exchange membranes","id":"ion-exchange-membranes","score":0.4831,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ion-exchange-membranes"},{"display_name":"capacitive deionization","id":"capacitive-deionization","score":0.8864,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-deionization"},{"display_name":"anion exchange membranes","id":"anion-exchange-membranes","score":0.2787,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anion-exchange-membranes"},{"display_name":"cation exchange membrane","id":"cation-exchange-membranes","score":0.5459,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cation-exchange-membranes"},{"display_name":"reverse electrodialysis","id":"reverse-electrodialysis","score":0.7532,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-electrodialysis"},{"display_name":"salinity gradient energy","id":"salinity-gradient-power","score":0.3317,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salinity-gradient-power"},{"display_name":"bipolar membranes","id":"bipolar-membranes","score":0.6574,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-membranes"},{"display_name":"electrosorption","id":"electrosorption","score":0.2566,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrosorption"},{"display_name":"permselectivity","id":"permselectivity","score":0.2029,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permselectivity"},{"display_name":"bipolar membrane electrodialysis","id":"bipolar-membrane-electrodialysis","score":0.7646,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-membrane-electrodialysis"},{"display_name":"brackish water desalination","id":"brackish-water-desalination","score":0.2139,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brackish-water-desalination"},{"display_name":"membrane capacitive deionization","id":"membrane-capacitive-deionization","score":0.9331,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-capacitive-deionization"},{"display_name":"electrodeionization","id":"electrodeionization","score":0.7574,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrodeionization"},{"display_name":"limiting current density","id":"limiting-current-density","score":0.2058,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting-current-density"},{"display_name":"salt adsorption capacity","id":"salt-adsorption-capacity","score":0.9855,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-adsorption-capacity"},{"display_name":"flow-electrode capacitive deionization","id":"flow-electrode-capacitive-deionization","score":0.9615,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-electrode-capacitive-deionization"},{"display_name":"diffusion dialysis","id":"diffusion-dialysis","score":0.5936,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-dialysis"},{"display_name":"electrochemical desalination","id":"electrochemical-desalination","score":0.6496,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-desalination"},{"display_name":"electrode regeneration","id":"electrode-regeneration","score":0.2956,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode-regeneration"},{"display_name":"salt adsorption","id":"salt-adsorption","score":0.536,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-adsorption"},{"display_name":"acid recovery","id":"acid-recovery","score":0.2354,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-recovery"},{"display_name":"Donnan dialysis","id":"donnan-dialysis","score":0.6347,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donnan-dialysis"},{"display_name":"hybrid 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