{"cited_by_count":531936,"description":"This cluster of papers explores the economics of pharmaceutical research and development, focusing on topics such as drug development costs, generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, medicine prices, patent expiry, healthcare policies, market size, availability of medicines, and generic substitution.","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","domain_id":"2","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T11792","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"},"field_id":"20","id":"T11792","keywords":[{"display_name":"pharmaceutical industry","id":"pharmaceutical-industry","score":0.2189,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-industry"},{"display_name":"drug pricing","id":"drug-pricing","score":0.6512,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-pricing"},{"display_name":"generic drugs","id":"generic-drugs","score":0.5532,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-drugs"},{"display_name":"access to medicines","id":"access-to-medicines","score":0.3783,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-medicines"},{"display_name":"drug reimbursement","id":"drug-reimbursement","score":0.4359,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-reimbursement"},{"display_name":"pharmaceutical market","id":"pharmaceutical-market","score":0.6102,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-market"},{"display_name":"pharmaceutical patents","id":"pharmaceutical-patents","score":0.3708,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-patents"},{"display_name":"pharmaceutical policy","id":"pharmaceutical-policy","score":0.6385,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-policy"},{"display_name":"drug prices","id":"drug-prices","score":0.6572,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-prices"},{"display_name":"drug affordability","id":"drug-affordability","score":0.5598,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-affordability"},{"display_name":"orphan drugs","id":"orphan-drugs","score":0.4828,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orphan-drugs"},{"display_name":"pharmaceutical innovation","id":"pharmaceutical-innovation","score":0.5483,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-innovation"},{"display_name":"drug shortages","id":"drug-shortages","score":0.3516,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-shortages"},{"display_name":"essential medicines","id":"essential-medicines","score":0.5012,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-medicines"},{"display_name":"drug availability","id":"medicine-availability","score":0.2498,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine-availability"},{"display_name":"brand-name drugs","id":"brand-name-drugs","score":0.6439,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brand-name-drugs"},{"display_name":"prescription drug costs","id":"prescription-drug-costs","score":0.3289,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescription-drug-costs"},{"display_name":"drug supply","id":"drug-supply","score":0.2602,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-supply"},{"display_name":"patent expiry","id":"patent-expiration","score":0.5079,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-expiration"},{"display_name":"generic substitution","id":"generic-substitution","score":0.6121,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-substitution"},{"display_name":"pharmaceutical expenditure","id":"pharmaceutical-expenditure","score":0.5637,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-expenditure"},{"display_name":"drug price regulation","id":"drug-price-regulation","score":0.8226,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-price-regulation"},{"display_name":"drug procurement","id":"pharmaceutical-procurement","score":0.312,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-procurement"},{"display_name":"Medicare Part D","id":"medicare-part-d","score":0.2139,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicare-part-d"},{"display_name":"pharmaceutical manufacturers","id":"pharmaceutical-manufacturers","score":0.3121,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-manufacturers"}],"legacy_keywords":["Drug Development Costs","Generic Drugs","Pharmaceutical Innovation","Medicine Prices","Patent Expiry","Healthcare Policies","Market Size","Availability of Medicines","Generic Substitution","Pharmaceutical Industry"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:11","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"2002","url":"/topics/T11792","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T11792","works_count":128681,"label":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","provider":"openalex","revision":"b219b318c47a0453","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"36183571602211408","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[2,20,2002,11792],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; 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