{"cited_by_count":568212,"description":"This cluster of papers focuses on the use of Botulinum Toxin in neurology and medicine, particularly in the treatment of spasticity, stroke-related complications, pain management, and neurological disorders. It covers topics such as the mechanism of action, protein receptors, toxicology, and the clinical application of Botulinum Toxin.","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","domain_id":"4","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T11274","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin"},"field_id":"27","id":"T11274","keywords":[{"display_name":"botulinum toxin","id":"botulinum-toxin","score":0.4945,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin"},{"display_name":"botulinum toxin type A","id":"botulinum-toxin-type-a","score":0.4756,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin-type-a"},{"display_name":"spasticity","id":"spasticity","score":0.2683,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spasticity"},{"display_name":"Clostridium botulinum","id":"clostridium-botulinum","score":0.5697,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-botulinum"},{"display_name":"botulism","id":"botulism","score":0.6784,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulism"},{"display_name":"cervical dystonia","id":"cervical-dystonia","score":0.3701,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-dystonia"},{"display_name":"spasticity management","id":"spasticity-management","score":0.6202,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spasticity-management"},{"display_name":"blepharospasm","id":"blepharospasm","score":0.4964,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blepharospasm"},{"display_name":"onabotulinumtoxinA","id":"onabotulinumtoxina","score":0.268,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/onabotulinumtoxina"},{"display_name":"intrathecal baclofen","id":"intrathecal-baclofen","score":0.5876,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrathecal-baclofen"},{"display_name":"foodborne botulism","id":"foodborne-botulism","score":0.9148,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foodborne-botulism"},{"display_name":"hemifacial spasm","id":"hemifacial-spasm","score":0.2375,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemifacial-spasm"},{"display_name":"botulinum toxin therapy","id":"botulinum-toxin-therapy","score":0.5819,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin-therapy"},{"display_name":"post-stroke spasticity","id":"post-stroke-spasticity","score":0.6211,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-stroke-spasticity"},{"display_name":"botulinum toxin type B","id":"botulinum-toxin-type-b","score":0.7608,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin-type-b"},{"display_name":"upper limb spasticity","id":"upper-limb-spasticity","score":0.6258,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-limb-spasticity"},{"display_name":"tetanus toxin","id":"tetanus-toxin","score":0.2068,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tetanus-toxin"},{"display_name":"botulinum neurotoxin A","id":"botulinum-neurotoxin-a","score":0.7014,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-neurotoxin-a"},{"display_name":"infant botulism","id":"infant-botulism","score":0.8262,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-botulism"},{"display_name":"Modified Ashworth Scale","id":"modified-ashworth-scale","score":0.3545,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-ashworth-scale"},{"display_name":"focal dystonia","id":"focal-dystonia","score":0.2544,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focal-dystonia"},{"display_name":"abobotulinumtoxinA","id":"abobotulinumtoxina","score":0.6777,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abobotulinumtoxina"},{"display_name":"lower limb spasticity","id":"lower-limb-spasticity","score":0.5114,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lower-limb-spasticity"},{"display_name":"incobotulinumtoxinA","id":"incobotulinumtoxina","score":0.7405,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incobotulinumtoxina"},{"display_name":"Dysport","id":"dysport","score":0.6336,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysport"}],"legacy_keywords":["Botulinum Toxin","Neurotoxins","Spasticity","Stroke","Neurological Disorders","Pain Management","Muscle Mechanics","Protein Receptor","Toxicology","Treatment"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:10","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"2728","url":"/topics/T11274","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T11274","works_count":44285,"label":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","provider":"openalex","revision":"403f12dcdff8478a","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"36248975300551074","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[4,27,2728,11274],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}