{"cited_by_count":1131618,"description":"This cluster of papers focuses on the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, recovery of rare earth elements, and sustainable technology for metal recovery. It discusses hydrometallurgical processes, circular economy implications, environmental impact, and global supply concerns related to battery recycling and rare earth recovery.","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","domain_id":"3","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T11091","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery_recycling"},"field_id":"22","id":"T11091","keywords":[{"display_name":"hydrometallurgy","id":"hydrometallurgy","score":0.5768,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrometallurgy"},{"display_name":"battery recycling","id":"battery-recycling","score":0.5182,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-recycling"},{"display_name":"lithium recovery","id":"lithium-recovery","score":0.615,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-recovery"},{"display_name":"metal recovery","id":"metal-recovery","score":0.2849,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-recovery"},{"display_name":"copper recovery","id":"copper-recovery","score":0.2921,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-recovery"},{"display_name":"cobalt recovery","id":"cobalt-recovery","score":0.7137,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobalt-recovery"},{"display_name":"sulfuric acid leaching","id":"sulfuric-acid-leaching","score":0.4522,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfuric-acid-leaching"},{"display_name":"spent lithium-ion batteries","id":"spent-lithium-ion-batteries","score":0.8022,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spent-lithium-ion-batteries"},{"display_name":"nickel recovery","id":"nickel-recovery","score":0.5144,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel-recovery"},{"display_name":"acid leaching","id":"acid-leaching","score":0.2333,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-leaching"},{"display_name":"lithium-ion battery recycling","id":"lithium-ion-battery-recycling","score":0.8452,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-battery-recycling"},{"display_name":"D2EHPA","id":"d2ehpa","score":0.5199,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/d2ehpa"},{"display_name":"rare earth recovery","id":"rare-earth-element-recovery","score":0.5012,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-element-recovery"},{"display_name":"critical raw materials","id":"critical-raw-materials","score":0.3141,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-raw-materials"},{"display_name":"zinc recovery","id":"zinc-recovery","score":0.4522,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc-recovery"},{"display_name":"leaching kinetics","id":"leaching-kinetics","score":0.3571,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaching-kinetics"},{"display_name":"precious metal recovery","id":"precious-metals-recovery","score":0.3651,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precious-metals-recovery"},{"display_name":"rare earth separation","id":"rare-earth-element-separation","score":0.3751,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-element-separation"},{"display_name":"hydrochloric acid leaching","id":"hydrochloric-acid-leaching","score":0.4405,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrochloric-acid-leaching"},{"display_name":"silver recovery","id":"silver-recovery","score":0.302,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silver-recovery"},{"display_name":"pyrometallurgy","id":"pyrometallurgy","score":0.3743,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrometallurgy"},{"display_name":"manganese recovery","id":"manganese-recovery","score":0.5715,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese-recovery"},{"display_name":"metal separation","id":"metal-separation","score":0.3901,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-separation"},{"display_name":"extraction mechanism","id":"extraction-mechanism","score":0.3175,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction-mechanism"},{"display_name":"metal extraction","id":"metal-extraction","score":0.2428,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-extraction"}],"legacy_keywords":["Battery Recycling","Lithium-ion Batteries","Rare Earth Elements","Metal Recovery","Sustainable Technology","Environmental Impact","Hydrometallurgical Processes","Circular Economy","Resource Depletion","Global Supply"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:09","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"2210","url":"/topics/T11091","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T11091","works_count":103425,"label":"Extraction and Separation Processes","provider":"openalex","revision":"c9df0c0e73450e73","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Extraction and Separation Processes","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"36240488579859193","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[3,22,2210,11091],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; local answer requires separate source review","truth_status":"Subject descriptor, not a factual answer or a demonstrated knowledge gap","reviewed_answer":null}