{"cited_by_count":2984736,"description":"This cluster of papers explores advancements in water purification technologies, focusing on membrane technology, desalination, nanofiltration, forward osmosis, graphene-based membranes, membrane fouling, sustainable water treatment, polymer membranes, membrane distillation, and antifouling strategies.","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","domain_id":"3","external_ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/T10197","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification"},"field_id":"23","id":"T10197","keywords":[{"display_name":"membrane fouling","id":"membrane-fouling","score":0.7956,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-fouling"},{"display_name":"reverse osmosis","id":"reverse-osmosis","score":0.6517,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-osmosis"},{"display_name":"ultrafiltration","id":"ultrafiltration","score":0.3868,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrafiltration"},{"display_name":"desalination","id":"desalination","score":0.3196,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desalination"},{"display_name":"nanofiltration","id":"nanofiltration","score":0.6877,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanofiltration"},{"display_name":"membrane separation","id":"membrane-separation","score":0.411,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-separation"},{"display_name":"permeate flux","id":"permeate-flux","score":0.7447,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permeate-flux"},{"display_name":"membrane filtration","id":"membrane-filtration","score":0.4619,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-filtration"},{"display_name":"seawater desalination","id":"seawater-desalination","score":0.4069,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawater-desalination"},{"display_name":"membrane bioreactor","id":"membrane-bioreactor","score":0.3926,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-bioreactor"},{"display_name":"ultrafiltration membranes","id":"ultrafiltration-membranes","score":0.8157,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrafiltration-membranes"},{"display_name":"water flux","id":"water-flux","score":0.5564,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-flux"},{"display_name":"microfiltration","id":"microfiltration","score":0.6115,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfiltration"},{"display_name":"salt rejection","id":"salt-rejection","score":0.8562,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-rejection"},{"display_name":"antifouling","id":"antifouling","score":0.3865,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antifouling"},{"display_name":"nanofiltration membranes","id":"nanofiltration-membranes","score":0.8657,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanofiltration-membranes"},{"display_name":"membrane hydrophilicity","id":"membrane-hydrophilicity","score":0.8598,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-hydrophilicity"},{"display_name":"hollow fiber membranes","id":"hollow-fiber-membranes","score":0.4244,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hollow-fiber-membranes"},{"display_name":"membrane distillation","id":"membrane-distillation","score":0.8303,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-distillation"},{"display_name":"membrane fabrication","id":"membrane-fabrication","score":0.3287,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-fabrication"},{"display_name":"forward osmosis","id":"forward-osmosis","score":0.902,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-osmosis"},{"display_name":"transmembrane pressure","id":"transmembrane-pressure","score":0.7622,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmembrane-pressure"},{"display_name":"reverse osmosis membranes","id":"reverse-osmosis-membranes","score":0.8932,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-osmosis-membranes"},{"display_name":"interfacial polymerization","id":"interfacial-polymerization","score":0.4834,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-polymerization"},{"display_name":"phase inversion","id":"phase-inversion","score":0.3957,"url":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-inversion"}],"legacy_keywords":["Membrane Technology","Desalination","Nanofiltration","Forward Osmosis","Graphene-based Membranes","Membrane Fouling","Sustainable Water Treatment","Polymer Membranes","Membrane Distillation","Antifouling Strategies"],"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","source_created_date":"2024-01-23T15:27:05","source_updated_date":"2026-10-17T03:02:00","subfield_id":"2312","url":"/topics/T10197","works_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=topics.id:T10197","works_count":156260,"label":"Membrane Separation Technologies","provider":"openalex","revision":"cf5a74a01ea885bd","taxonomy_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","title":"Membrane Separation Technologies","kind":"topic-directory","aeo_cohort":"topic-directory","catalogue_revision":"f050b5d4780b1289","numeric_address":"36108565433961019","address_version":"morton4x16-v1","coordinates":[3,23,2312,10197],"answer_status":"Directory metadata; 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